Políticas públicas para la neutralidad de la red en Argentina: escenarios y tensiones emergentes sobre el futuro de internet

La neutralidad de la red hace referencia al criterio sobre el cual debe ordenarse la circulación de los contenidos en internet, garantizando el acceso igualitario para los usuarios, independientemente de quién los produzca o de la cantidad de usuarios que accedan a ellos. De esta manera, el principio se vincula de forma estrecha con el acceso universal a la información y el derecho a la libertad de expresión. A pesar de que internet se originó como una red de carácter “neutral”, existe una tensión permanente entre los viejos y nuevos actores involucrados en el sector, que pugnan por sus intereses en un contexto de regulación de la red. Esta investigación retomó los debates en el ámbito legislativo sucedidos en Argentina en torno a la neutralidad y la inclusión de este principio en la normativa nacional. El recorte temporal abarcó entre 2011 y 2014, una etapa prolífera en términos de discusión sobre la neutralidad. Durante esos años se presentaron 14 proyectos que tuvieron tratamiento en comisión del Senado y, finalmente en 2014 se sancionó la ley de telecomunicaciones 27.078, conocida como “Argentina Digital”, que consagró este principio de modo general. El abordaje demostró que durante el proceso de discusión sobre la neutralidad, realizado entre 2011 y 2014, no existió consenso para alcanzar una definición unívoca sobre este principio como así tampoco en lo referido a su alcance, a las obligaciones y responsabilidades de las empresas prestadoras de servicios de internet y al organismo de control. De los primeros proyectos presentados –que eran una copia fiel de las normativas extranjeras (principalmente la ley chilena)– se avanzó hacia propuestas diseñadas a medida de las necesidades del mercado y el contexto local. Los debates parlamentarios se realizaron sin la participación de la ciudadanía, como si fue el caso de otras experiencias regionales. A pesar de la intensidad, el debate tuvo un corto impacto en la regulación que lo contempló. La ley “Argentina Digital” no marcó aspectos claros sobre los sujetos regulados por la norma ni existió mención a la gestión de tráfico tan debatida en los años previos. Tampoco se incluyeron obligaciones de información a los operadores del servicio para garantizar la transparencia. En definitiva, lejos de ser el puntapié inicial para la consagración del principio, “Argentina Digital” se convirtió en el punto más alto de la discusión y luego de ello se clausuró la relevancia del tema en la agenda pública.Network neutrality refers to the criterion on which the flow of contents on the Internet should be ordered, ensuring equal access for users, regardless of who produces them or the number of users accessing them. In this way, the principle is closely linked with a universal access to information and the right to freedom of expression. Although the Internet originated as a “neutral” network, there is a permanent tension between the old and new actors involved in the sector, who are fighting to defend their interests in a context of network regulation. This research resumed the debates in the legislative sphere that took place in Argentina regarding neutrality and the inclusion of this principle in national legislation. The temporary cutback was extended from 2011 to 2014, a prolific period in terms of discussion about neutrality. During those years, 14 legislative bills were submitted, which were processed by the Senate. Finally, in 2014, the telecommunications law No. 27.078, known as Argentina Digital [Digital Argentina], which embodied this principle in general terms, was enacted. The approach showed that during the discussion about neutrality carried out between 2011 and 2014 there was no consensus to reach either a univocal definition of this principle, or as regard its scope, the obligations and responsibilities of companies providing Internet services and the control body. As of the first legislative bills submitted –a faithful copy of foreign regulations, primarily from the Chilean law– there were proposals toward market needs and local context. The citizenry did not participate in the parliamentary debates, as was the case with other local experiences. Despite its intensity, the debate had a short impact on the regulation that contemplated it. The Argentina Digital law neither pointed out clear aspects on regulated subjects, nor mentioned the traffic management, largely debated during previous years. Information obligations toward the service’s operators to assure transparency were also neglected. Far from being the starting point for the consecration of the principle, Argentina Digital became crucial to the discussion, and after that the subject’s relevance on the public agenda was closed

El terror en el cine argentino y brasileño en los años cincuenta. Relecturas de monstruos importados y violencia sexual: entre la ley, el psicoanálisis y la mandinga // Horror in Argentinian and Brazilian cinema in the fifties. Readings of imported monste

Durante el período denominado clásico, en Argentina y Brasil, el terror se expresó a través y en hibridez con otros géneros más populares en la época, configurándose versiones vernáculas de suma particularidad del policial, del noir, del melodrama fantástico, del gótico, entre otros, y así, articularon un repertorio de miedos, ansiedades, represiones y fascinaciones que dialogaban con los discursos sociales civilizatorios. El asesino serial, el pedófilo y el monstruo, por un lado, constituirían la figura de la alteridad frente al ciudadano civilizado. Por el otro, su naturaleza “anómala” manifestaba las represiones y frustraciones masculinas en un orden patriarcal rigurosamente establecido. A partir del análisis de tres películas de la época, este trabajo busca indagar sobre las imágenes de la violencia sexual y los femicidas en los primeros años de la década de 1950 en clave comparativa entre el cine argentino y brasileño para pensar las imágenes de los monstruos sociales y los modos de lidiar con ella a través de la ley y de las interpretaciones psicoanalíticas y místico-religiosas en las explicaciones de las anomalías del orden. Estos filmes son Caiçara (Adolfo Celi, 1950), Vampiro negro (Vignoly, 1953) y Si muero antes de despertar (Carlos Hugo Christensen, 1952)

Bacillus pumilus severe wound infection in a healthy ten years old child: a rare case report

Bacillus pumilus is commonly isolated from a wide variety of soils, plants and environmental surfaces, but rarely from human specimens. In this report, we describe a case of infection caused by B. pumilus in a healthy 10-years-old child. The microorganism was recovered from a severe wound of the left knee after three days from trauma. Pathogen identification was carried out by mass spectrometry. The patient's outcome was positive following an ampicillin/sulbactam treatment without complications

Crosstalk between ROS-dependent apoptotic and autophagic signaling pathways in Zn(II) phthalocyanine photodynamic therapy of melanoma

Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer, highly resistant to conventional therapies. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive treatment modality that combines the use of a photosensitizer, visible light and molecular oxygen, leading to ROS generation in the specific site of irradiation. The cationic zinc(II) phthalocyanine Pc13 has shown to be a potent photosensitizer in different melanoma cell lines. In this study, we explored the intracellular signaling pathways triggered by Pc13 PDT and the role of these cascades in the phototoxic action of Pc13 in human melanoma A375 cells. ROS-dependent activation of MAPKs p38, ERK, JNK and PI3K-I/AKT was observed after treatment. Inhibition of p38 reduced Pc13 phototoxicity, whereas blockage of ERK did not affect this response. Conversely, JNK inhibition potentiated the effect of Pc13 PDT. Results obtained indicate that p38 is involved in the cleavage of PARP-1, an important mediator of apoptosis. On the other hand, Pc13 irradiation induced the activation of an autophagic program, as evidenced by enhanced levels of Beclin-1, LC3-II and GFP-LC3 punctate staining. We also demonstrated that this autophagic response is promoted by JNK and negatively regulated by PI3K-I/AKT pathway. The blockage of autophagy increased Pc13 phototoxicity and enhanced PARP-1 cleavage, revealing a protective role of this mechanism, which tends to prevent apoptotic cell death.Furthermore, reduced susceptibility to treatment and increased activation of autophagy were detected in A375 cells submitted to repeated cycles of Pc13 PDT, indicating that autophagy could represent a mechanism of resistance to PDT. The efficacy of Pc13 PDT and an improved phototoxic action in combination with chloroquine were also demonstrated in tumor spheroids. In conclusion, we showed the interplay between apoptotic and autophagic signaling pathways triggered by Pc13 PDT-induced oxidative stress. Thus, autophagy modulation represents a promising therapeutic strategy to potentiate the efficacy of PDT in melanoma.Fil: Valli, Federico. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Garcia Vior, María Cecilia. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Química Orgánica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Roguin, Leonor Patricia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Marino, Veronica Julieta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas; Argentin

Zinc(II) phthalocyanines as photosensitizers for antitumor photodynamic therapy

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a highly specific and clinically approved method for cancer treatment in which a nontoxic drug known as photosensitizer (PS) is administered to a patient. After selective tumor irradiation, an almost complete eradication of the tumor can be reached as a consequence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which not only damage tumor cells, but also lead to tumor-associated vasculature occlusion and the induction of an immune response. Despite exhaustive investigation and encouraging results, zinc(II) phthalocyanines (ZnPcs) have not been approved as PSs for clinical use yet. This review presents an overview on the physicochemical properties of ZnPcs and biological results obtained both in vitro and in more complex models, such as 3D cell cultures, chicken chorioallantoic membranes and tumor-bearing mice. Cell death pathways induced after PDT treatment with ZnPcs are discussed in each case. Finally, combined therapeutic strategies including ZnPcs and the currently available clinical trials are mentioned.Fil: Roguin, Leonor Patricia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Chiarante, Nicolás Agustín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Garcia Vior, María Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Marino, Veronica Julieta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Química Biológica; Argentin

Hyperplastic and atrophic changes in the genital tract of a female cat following repeated treatment with deslorelin acetate – a case report

This study aimed to investigate the morphological patterns of the genital tract after long-term treatment of deslorelin acetate in a female cat, a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist currently used in adult cats to obtain transient oestrus suppression. A 1-year-old Chartreux female cat was treated with 4.7 mg deslorelin acetate to suppress oestrus manifestations. The treatment was repeated for a total of × 3 every 2 years. After 8 years, the female cat came into oestrus again, but she was no more implanted, and an ovariohysterectomy was performed. Before surgery, an ultrasound examination was performed that showed a normal uterus and the presence of about 5 follicles in ovaries. Concentrations of oestradiol, progesterone, and vaginal smears were compatible with oestrus. During surgery, a very short ovarian pedicle was observed yet neither uterus nor ovaries presented appreciable alterations. At histology, the ovaries presented a juvenile appearance with numerous primordial and periovulatory follicles. The uterus showed marked endometrial hyperplasia with polypoid projection and atrophic myometrium. Based on this case report, deslorelin acetate is a powerful drug able to preserve ovarian function. However, the suppression of gonadotrophin, especially for a long period, has a detrimental atrophic effect on the target organs during treatment and, on the opposite, hyperplastic changes may occur after the restoring of normal cyclicity

Comparison between the effects of epidural lidocaine, tramadol, and lidocaine-tramadol on postoperative pain in cats undergoing elective orchiectomy

Background: In veterinary clinical practice, orchiectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures for cats and is performed mainly in young animals. The purpose of this study was to compare three different epidural (EP) analgesic protocols used in cats undergoing orchiectomy in order to determine which protocol resulted in superior outcomes in terms of perioperative analgesia. Twenty-one client-owned male cats were premedicated with a combination of dexmedetomidine (10 µg/kg) and midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) injected intramuscularly. Anesthesia was induced intravenously with propofol. Cats were randomly divided in three treatment groups of seven animals each: Group L received EP lidocaine (2 mg/kg), Group T received EP tramadol (1 mg/kg), and Group LT received EP lidocaine (2 mg/kg) plus tramadol (1 mg/kg). The post-operative pain level was assessed using two different scales: the Glasgow Composite Measure Pain Scale-Feline (CMPS-F) and the Feline Grimace Scale (FGS). Rescue analgesia was administered when the CMPS-F total score was ≥5 or the FGS total score was ≥4. Results: No adverse effects related to tramadol or lidocaine were observed. Based on post-operative pain assessments, significant differences between groups were observed according to both pain scoring systems. In particular, in Group LT, the CMPS-F and FGS scores decreased significantly in the first six hours following castration. Conclusions: Based on our results, EP lidocaine plus tramadol provided the best post-operative analgesic effects in cats submitted to orchiectomy lasting 6 h and could also be a choice to consider for longer surgical procedures

Business Intelligence para el área de seguridad ciudadana en el distrito de Villa El Salvador mediante la metodología de Ralph Kimball

Propone desarrollar una herramienta tecnológica que explote los datos históricos al máximo, brindando beneficios como: agilizar el proceso de toma de decisiones, eliminar la centralización de la información, disminución de costos de operación, aviso de los puntos críticos, entre otros. Es decir, la implementación de un Datamart, el cual brindara información efectiva y oportuna, con la cual, los encargados de la toma de decisiones tendrán una mejor base para poder distribuir a los serenos. Business Intelligence, Serenazgo, Datamart.Tesi

Lysosomal permeabilization and endoplasmic reticulum stress mediate the apoptotic response induced after photoactivation of a lipophilic zinc(II) phthalocyanine

We have previously reported that the phototoxic action of the lipophilic phthalocyanine Pc9 (2,9(10),16(17),23(24) tetrakis[(2-dimethylamino)ethylsulfanyl]phthalocyaninatozinc(II)) encapsulated into poloxamine micelles is related to the induction of an apoptotic response in murine colon CT26 carcinoma cells. In the present study, we explored the intracellular signals contributing to the resulting apoptotic death. We found that Pc9-T1107 arrests cell cycle progression immediately after irradiation promoting then an apoptotic response. Thus, 3 h after irradiation the percentage of hypodiploid cells increased from 5.9 ± 0.6% to 23.1 ± 0.1%; activation of caspases 8 and 9 was evident; the population of cells with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential increased from 1.1 ± 0.4% to 44.0 ± 9.3%; the full-length forms of Bid and PARP-1 were cleaved; and a 50% decrease of the expression levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-X L was detected. We also found that the photosensitizer, mainly retained in lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), promotes the permeabilization of lysosomal membranes and induces ER stress. Lysosomal membrane permeabilization was demonstrated by the reduction of acridine orange lysosome fluorescence, the release of Cathepsin D into the cytosol and ∼50% decrease of Hsp70, a chaperone recognized as a lysosomal stabilizer. Cathepsin D also contributed to Bid cleavage and caspase 8 activation. The oxidative damage to the ER induced an unfolded protein response characterized, 3 h after irradiation, by a 3-fold increase in cytosolic Ca 2+ levels and 3–4 times higher expression of ER chaperones GRP78/BIP, calnexin, Hsp90 and Hsp110. The cell death signaling promoted by cytosolic Ca 2+ , calpains and lysosomal proteases was partially abolished by the Ca 2+ chelator BAPTA-AM, the calpain inhibitor PD 150606 and proteases inhibitors. Furthermore, Bax down-regulation observed in Pc9-treated cells was undetectable in the presence of PD 150606, indicating that calpains contribute to Bax proteolytic damage. In summary, our results indicate that photoactivation of Pc9-T1107 led to lysosomal membrane permeabilization, induction of ER stress and activation of a caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death.Fil: Chiarante, Nicolás Agustín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Garcia Vior, María Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Rey, Osvaldo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo; ArgentinaFil: Marino, Veronica Julieta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Roguin, Leonor Patricia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas; Argentin